Role of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of Literature review

Job of training in changing sexual orientation relations and strengthening of ladies - Literature audit Example This exposition Job of instruction in changing sexual orientation relations and strengthening of ladies traces the job of the tutoring and equivalent rights and disposition to the two sexes in the public arena. Discoveries from Wajcman (2013: p29) show that there is a mind boggling connection between in general training paces of infiltration in nations and contrasts between these rates in people. A report on measurable examination of different created and creating countries found that connections between by and large proficiency gap and sexual orientation isolate is shaky and isn't strong of the contention that education and sex move together. This shows there is a requirement for the unraveling of social parts of instruction access from others that are progressively identified with physical access. Gatherings with force and benefit typically influence this blend of social and physical access in various manners, when contrasted with underestimated and powerless gatherings (Wajcman, 2 013: p29). Most specialists contend that the ethnocentric western manner by which instructive strengthening is deciphered doesn't think about the social and chronicled settings inside which training is utilized and gotten to. Time for ladies is an essential asset whose gracefully is short and, consequently, any instructive arrangement that looks to improve women’s lives and improve their decisions and strengthening ought to be viewed as available and significant intends to improve effectiveness, rather than as an extra burden to their effectively various duties (Wajcman, 2013: p29).... Sexual orientation contrasts in training are differently portrayed as established in observations and mentalities concerning instruction. For instance, an ideal opportunity for ladies is an essential asset whose gracefully is short and, in this way, any instructive arrangement that tries to improve women’s lives and improve their decisions and strengthening ought to be viewed as open and significant intends to improve effectiveness, rather than as an extra burden to their effectively various obligations (Wajcman, 2013: p29). Past the relaxation time for ladies from profitable and regenerative undertakings, which is constrained, ladies for the most part don't have the necessary versatility to go to class, which might be suggestive of carious financial components, security insurances, and social limitations. Improved training and education are connected with corresponded upgrades in cooperation in worldwide and nearby networks, just as in singular strengthening. As per Kane (200 5: p78), ladies living in creating countries are in the most profound segment of the training partition and are progressively expelled from this experience by their male partners who share their neediness. Components that are induced, for example, language, imperatives of time, pay, social settings, and instruction, influence the entrance by ladies to business, training, and to scholarly establishments. The restricted access to training by ladies originates from lack of education boundaries, time limitations, and distraction with their endurance in severe and libertarian socio-social practices and standards, the prevalently urban nature of the scholastic offices, and its significant expenses (Kane, 2005: p78). Along these lines, proficiency and training are

Rumba essays

Rumba papers I have consistently delighted in music and move and have been keen on its history. Because of this class, I have an a lot more prominent thankfulness for the sound, rhthym, move, soul and social importance of the Rumba. Presently, when I consider Rumba, I hear the beat of the drums and my feet start to move to the reverberation of the clave in my mind. The melodic custom of Rumba goes back to Bantu clans in Africa. Words like Tumba, Macumba, and Tambo are African words that have been utilized to portray moves comparative moves to Rumba that imitated farm animal developments. Conveyed to Cuba during the 1800s by African slaves, the melodic style of todays Rumba developed out of the ghettos of Cuba after subjection was annulled in 1886. The word, rumba gets from the Spanish action word, rumbiar which intends to move. In her book, Rumba, Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba, Yvonne Daniel reveals to us that Cuban musicologists who have contemplated music and move concur that the exact significance of rumba is hard to determine....but focuses to those expressions of African starting point that mean an aggregate gathering, irrelevant to strict ritual.(17) Other researchers feel that the Rumba has its underlying foundations in Spain. Regardless, the Rumba turned out to be extremely mainstream in Cuba in the late nineteenth century. A few specialists feel that Rumba infers a merry event as much as a particular move and music style. Since Rumba began from the barrios of Cuba, there were no detailed congo drums or wooden claves. Dreading resistance and uprisings, the pilgrims prohibited the utilization of drums. To get around these guidelines, the entertainers (called rumberos) utilized void wooden cases, topsy turvy drawers, and the sides of closets as drums, and two spoons held together or singing dish to keep the beat. These percussion instruments were joined by applauding, and singing just as moving. Rumba parties (rumbones) were com ... <!

The Positive Effects of Media Violence Essay -- Media Violence, 2014

How Life has been Good to me Essay

I am a glad individual. I have everything that I would ever need in my life. I am single, but then I have the organization and kinship of many. I have a great job, sufficient cash in the bank, and a decent house. By the by, I am of the firm conviction that whether I have these material things, I will stay a cheerful individual. A person’s bliss can be founded on an assortment of things, which could be of unmistakable or spiritual nature. Bliss is an inclination that depends on an individual’s way of speculation, theory throughout everyday life, or strict conviction. Bliss could comprise in having nothing to stress over, or being in the organization of friends and family. The wellspring of bliss is as remarkable as each distinct individual. (Reasoning †Life †Happiness †Creativity). My joy depends on my valuation for each easily overlooked detail that God has placed in my manner. I understand that I have been fortunate on the grounds that I don't live in neediness. I am lucky enough to have material things that make my life agreeable. I am likewise being set up to act naturally adequate, as I am experiencing school. For these favors, I have no other alternative yet to be cheerful. I am idealistic about how a mind-blowing remainder will turn out. I am trusting it would at present be as wonderful as the present, in spite of the fact that I would not be dismal on the off chance that I experience some harsh street ahead. I accept preliminaries make individuals solid. At last, I trust I owe my bliss to God, who is the motivation behind why I am getting a charge out of everything that I have in the present, or will have later on. I likewise accept that God is the motivation behind why there is no second in my life that I feel vacant. I realize that I will feel upbeat, for whatever length of time that I have God looking out for me. Reference Theory †Life †Happiness †Creativity. Recovered February 18, 2007, from http://huizen. daxis. nl/~henkt/bliss. htm

Symptoms and Features of Avoidant Personality Disorder

Symptoms and Features of Avoidant Personality Disorder BPD Print Symptoms and Features of Avoidant Personality Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 16, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 01, 2019 More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions View All Back To Top Avoidant personality disorder (APD) is an enduring pattern of behavior related to social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to rejection that causes problems in work situations and relationships. People with the disorder show a pattern of avoidance due to fear of rejection or disapproval, which they experience as extremely painful. The disorder affects about two and one-half percent of the population, with roughly equal numbers of men and women being afflicted.?? Illustration by Brianna Gilmartin, Verywell Symptoms The following is a list of common symptoms associated with avoidant  personality disorder: Social inhibitionFeelings of inadequacy??Hypersensitivity to negative evaluationAnxiety about saying or doing the wrong thingA need to be well-liked??Avoiding situations due to fear of rejectionAvoiding intimate relationships or sharing intimate feelingsAvoiding social situations or events??Avoiding interaction in work settings or turning down promotionsAvoiding conflict (being a people-pleaser)Low  self-esteem??Lack of assertivenessExtreme self-consciousnessViewing oneself as socially inept or inferior??Lack of trust in othersSelf-isolation??Failure to initiate social contactAnhedonia (lack of pleasure in activities)Anxiety in social situationsAvoiding making decisions??Vigilant for signs of disapproval or rejectionEasily hurt by criticism or disapproval??No close friends/lacking a social networkUnwilling to take risks or try new things??Fearful and tense demeanorMisinterpreting neutral situations as negative Causes The causes of avoidant  personality disorder are thought to involve genetic, environmental, social, and psychological factors.?? Emotional abuse, criticism, ridicule, or lack of affection or nurturing  by a parent may result in the development of this personality disorder if other factors are also present. Rejection by peers may similarly be a risk factor. Often, individuals with the disorder are very shy as children and do not outgrow this shyness as they age. Social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder share similar symptoms and genetics, with APD being the more severe form of the condition.??   Diagnosis Avoidant personality disorder can only be  diagnosed by a trained mental health professional based on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). While a family physician can be the first point of contact for a diagnosis, your doctor should make a referral to a psychologist, psychiatrist, or other professional for diagnosis. Avoidant personality disorder is typically diagnosed in adults, as childrens personalities are still developing, and behaviors such as shyness can be normal experiences in childhood that are later outgrown.?? According to the DSM-5, a person must have a consistent pattern of avoiding social contact, being overly sensitive to rejection and criticism, and feeling inadequate, as displayed by at least four of the following criteria: Avoidance of occupational activities involving significant social contact out of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection??Unwillingness to become involved with others unless you are certain that they will like youHolding back in intimate relationships out of fear of being ridiculed or humiliatedPreoccupation with criticism or rejection in social situations??Inhibition in new social situations due to feeling inadequateFeelings of being socially inept, unappealing, or inferior to others??Hesitation to take risks or do new things out of fear of embarrassment Treatment Most people with avoidant personality disorder do not seek treatment.?? When they do, it is often for a specific life problem they are experiencing  or other types of symptoms such as depression and anxiety,  and they will usually discontinue treatment if that problem is resolved. Avoidant personality disorder can be hard to treat like other personality disorders because it is an enduring pattern of behavior and it can be difficult for the sufferer to recognize that psychotherapeutic help is needed and can be beneficial. Unfortunately, the outlook for people with avoidant personality disorder who do not seek treatment is rather bleakâ€"typically they become self-isolated and use avoidance as their only coping strategy.?? On the other hand, when treatment is successfully applied, it can help to reduce symptoms and increase the range of coping strategies that a person can use. A person with avoidant personality disorder will probably always be somewhat shy, but avoidance wont dominate his or her thoughts. Talk Therapy Talk therapy for avoidant personality  disorder includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and schema therapy.?? Group therapy and social skills training may also be helpful. CBT is helpful for learning how to change unhelpful thinking patterns.Psychodynamic therapy is aimed at being aware of how past experiences, pain, and conflict may be contributing to current symptoms.??Schema therapy for avoidant personality disorder is an integrative approach that builds on CBT as well as many other therapeutic techniques. It has a focus on the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client, and a goal of improving daily functioning and gaining insight for change based on understanding and re-engineering of early life experiences.?? In schema therapy, the client learns about four main concepts: How maladaptive schemas are patterns that are repeated throughout life.?? These patterns are grouped into five areas: disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, excessive responsibility and standards, over-vigilance and inhibition.What coping styles were learned as a child (e.g., escape, fighting back).??What schema modes are being used to cope, and how they are unhelpful (e.g., avoidance, detachment, compliance, punishment).How to develop healthy adult modes of coping and get core emotional needs met. A key feature of schema therapy is limited reparenting, in which the client expresses childhood needs and learns to develop and internalize a healthy parent voice.?? Medication While there are currently no medications specifically approved for avoidant personality disorder, if a person has other related disorders such as depression or anxiety, medication may be prescribed to help with these symptoms.?? For example, antidepressant medication can be helpful for improving mood and anhedonia,  decreasing anxiety symptoms, and may also reduce sensitivity to rejection. Find Support With the Best Online Therapy Programs Related Conditions Avoidant personality disorder may co-occur and overlap with a variety of other conditions, including: Social anxiety disorder??Dependent personality disorderBorderline personality disorderSubstance abuse??DepressionAgoraphobia A Word From Verywell If you think you, or someone you know or love may be living with avoidant personality disorder symptoms, it is important to encourage that person to seek help. Without professional treatment such as talk therapy, it is unlikely that the symptoms and their related impacts on relationships will improve.

How Many AP Classes Should I Take

If you want a jump start on your college career, then youre probably looking to take a few AP classes in high school. AP, or Advanced Placement, is a national program allowing students to earn college credits or equivalency before even stepping foot on campus. The beautiful UC Berkeley campus. AP credits could put you on the fast track at this and many other colleges and universities. Photo courtesy of Charlie Nguyen. But how many AP classes should you sign up for? In this article, well take a closer look at Advanced Placement so that you can decide for yourself what to take in high school. The Advanced Placement Program What is Advanced Placement? AP classes are basically college-level courses in various academic subjects that you can take at your high school. Then in the Spring you would have the opportunity to take the AP exam in each of those subjects. AP exams are standardized tests. Sharpen your pencils! For example, you might take a class called AP Calculus. When May rolls around, you may choose to take either the Calculus AB or BC test. For more information about those tests, check out the following helpful article: AP Calculus AB and BC Exams Choose Wisely! What subjects do you excel at? Do you have a particular love for Latin? An ardor for art history? An enjoyment of English Literature and Composition? Its no secret that you will have a better chance succeeding at those subjects that you already appreciate and have some talent for. On the other hand, dont discount other courses that may be less familiar, especially if those AP credits could help you in your college career. Maybe you want to study biology. Then youll probably need two semesters of calculus in college. Try taking AP Calculus in high school so that you can get those course out of the way and start focusing on biology the moment you get to campus. Heres a bit more information to help you decide if AP Calculus is right for you: Should I Take an AP Calculus Class? How Many AP Classes Should I Take? Finally to answer the main question, how many of these classes should you plan to take in high school? Well, it depends. The more you take, the better your transcript will look to potential colleges and universities. And you will be in even better standing if you take and score high on the AP exams. Many of the best high schools offer AP classes in all of the core courses (Math, English, Sciences, Languages, and History) as well as electives. But theres a limit to how much any student can handle. How am I going to get through all of these AP classes?! Dont take so many challenging AP courses that you burn yourself out. For example, it doesnt help you to have AP Physics on your transcript if you flunk out of the course! What Do Colleges Want to See? Furthermore, the more selective the school you want to get into, the more AP courses they may want to see on your schedule. Heres a rough guide to consider. Less selective schools: Take 1-5 AP courses in your intended major or closely-related subjects. More selective schools: Take 4-10 AP courses in your intended major area as well as core subjects. Consider elective AP courses to round out your application. Most selective schools: Take 6-12 AP courses. Make sure to cover all of the core courses as well as the courses most closely related to your major. Add a few elective AP courses to demonstrate that you have varied interests. Conclusion Ultimately, the decision is yours to make. With the advice of your parents and school counselors, set reasonable goals and achieve them. And remember, taking the AP course is just half the battle. Plan to devote plenty of time outside of class to study for the AP exams as well!

Resilience Of Resilience Across A Lifespan - 2054 Words

Resilience across a lifespan can happen many different ways from physical development to cognitive development. We also have social and emotional development. Throughout this paper resilience will be applied to all of the above mentioned concepts. Resilience across a lifespan is described through theories, measures, and even personality characteristics. Resilience has also been applied to the impacts of disasters and traumatic experiences in which will also be touched on throughout this paper. Resilience is discussed as to whether it is an inherited trait or whether it is a learned trait. Resilience can be found in everyone. Some people have more resilience due to life experiences which you will see explained throughout this paper as well. Resilience is described as â€Å"the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress (American Psychological Association, 2016).† Resilience is an ordinary thing in human beings. It is often described as bouncing back, which refers to bouncing back from difficult times or stressful situations. As a person grows older resilience grows as well. A person’s past can most certainly affect how a person uses resiliency in the present. If a person is not affected negatively a lot in their past when it comes time for a person to bounce back, they will not bounce back as smoothly as a person who has had a very traumatic past and has learned how to bounce back in a smoother fashion.Show MoreRelatedResilience Of Resilience Across A Lifespan2044 Words   |  9 Pages Resilience across a lifespan can happen different ways from physical development to cognitive development. We also have social and emotional development. Throughout this paper resilience will be applied to all of the above mentioned concepts. Resilience across a lifespan is described through theories, measures, and even personality characteristics. Resilience has also been applied to the impacts of disasters and traumatic experiences in which will also be touched on throughout thisRead MorePromoting Resilience in Nursing1487 Words   |  6 PagesPromoting Resilience Resilience is defined as a person’s ability to weather adversity and come out of it with a stronger ability to deal with the next challenge (Mosby’s Medical Dictionary, n.d.). Resilience can be noted as a trait within an individual as well as a process through which a person undergoes during adversity (Jacelon, 1997). Measuring resilience can be done by assessing certain qualities within an individual and asking questions to elicit better understanding of their current psychologicalRead MoreThe Third Stage Of Development987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the understanding of morality starts as an individual is in their early childhood years. Whether one morally develops negatively or positively is dependent on how the individual completes their tasks in their stage of moral development across the lifespan. The first level is preconventional morality; Individuals at this level view themselves in an egocentric way and judge the morality of their action by its direct conseque nces (Kohlberg, 1977). Precious’s morality is based on her mother’s standardsRead MoreThe Biological, Psychological And Social Aspects Of Diseases784 Words   |  4 Pagesway of â€Å"being in the world†. When my family moved to U.S, I had the opportunity to retrain and I decided to introspect my true interests in medicine. Pediatrics was appealing to me as I enjoyed being around children, immersed in their joy and resilience. Three months into the psychiatry externship, I knew I had found my calling. I walked home late every evening, but with a smile on my face and I looked forward for the next day - filled with myriad of emotions, and ultimately hope. During my externshipRead MoreThe Biological, Psychological And Social Aspects Of Diseases Essay838 Words   |  4 Pagesway of â€Å"being in the world†. When my family moved to U.S, I had the opportunity to retrain and I decided to introspect my true interests in medicine. Pediatrics was appealing to me as I enjoyed being around children, immersed in their joy and resilience. Three months into the psychiatry externship, I knew I had found my calling. During my externship, I encountered few patients with first onset psychosis. Their positive symptoms were conspicuous, but the negative symptoms were pervasive and persistentRead MoreHow Do Attachment Based Relationships Relate With Development, Functioning And Well Being Across The Lifespan?1851 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment, functioning and well-being across the lifespan? Attachment-based relationships stem from attachment behaviour, which is conceived as any form of behaviour that results in a person attempting, or retaining proximity to some other differentiated and preferred individual, who is usually perceived as stronger or wiser (Ainsworth, 1985). These relationships have a strong connection with the development, functioning, and well-being across the lifespan, in both parent-child relationships, andRead MoreHuman Development Is The Roots Of Work Essay2284 Words   |  10 Pagescounselors, and marketing executives with a baseline of typical and atypical in human behavior . Understanding the aging process is important to a Psychologist, to do this one must research developmental psychology. The research presented in Lifespan theory has led to propositions and arguments, which emphasize, clarify, and articulate important developmental issues. and the topic. briefly describes your topics, (development involves both gain and loss) Thomas, J. E . (2015) states developmentalRead MoreChildhood And Adolescence : Toward A Field Of Inquiry1072 Words   |  5 Pageswhen and where this can be traced back to (Huck Finn). But todays audience is different, our taste different than our parents, we may have gotten older but we haven’t grown up. Article 4- Lifespan personality development: Self-organizing goal-oriented agents and developmental outcome Cornelis, F. M. (2010). Lifespan personality development: Self-organizing goal-oriented agents and developmental outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(3), Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/Read MoreEssay on Resilience Concept Analysis4569 Words   |  19 Pagesunderstand the current theoretical and operational definitions of the concept for use in theory and research (Walker Avant, 2005). The concept resilience was chosen for analysis because of its many uses in the literature today, and the need of a central, encompassing, modernized definition. In wake of the recent tragedies that have been occurring, resilience has become more widely used and its definition has been stretched. If this concept is to be used in its entirety, a centralized definition willRead MoreCounseling Specializations And Multidisciplinary Teams Essay2331 Words   |  10 Pagesthe field of counseling and some of its specializations. For this paper, the focus was, aside from gen eral counseling, on marriage and family therapy as well as addiction counseling. The key philosophies of the field, wellness, prevention and resilience, were discussed alongside of the main concepts important to marriage and family as well as addiction counseling. In regard to a specific hypothetical case, it was illustrated how marriage and family counselors may work in collaboration with addiction

Stereotypes of Westerners - 1321 Words

A Mad World Around the modern world people tremble at the very thought of Radical Jihadists, or Terrorists, when trying to live their normal lives. Making strange eye contact to those who wear turbans or have Arabic origins. Secluding them from society and making comments of hatred towards their people. But, the people of the Western world do not ever acknowledge what might be causing these attacks in the first place. Westerners brand them as terrorists, they brand themselves as freedom fighters; people argue both ways on this topic. 9/11 was just one of the many effective displays of terror that they can cause among the Western powers. Islam also has interesting teachings, which turns some people into fanatics or zealots; driving them†¦show more content†¦The term blowback is used to describe what is happening to us in the Middle-east. blowback meaning: â€Å"The unintended or unprecedented problems caused by past history with another nation or people.† Resources are the cause of so many quarrels among people, but another reason altogether is also fanning flames to the fire. (Typical Case) Back in Cold War era America the U.S government used the CIA to overthrow a dictatorship in Iran. This plan was all fine and dandy, it worked, but this new president wanted to make Iran more like the west. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi relied heavily on American funding and resources to ensure his government’s survival. The Iranian people got fed up and eventually overthrew is authoritarian regime; resulting in Reza’s almost death and the formation of a new ideal. This new ideal is called Islamic Fundamentalism; the main idea behind this is the combination of Church and state, but also thinking that the religion (Islam in this case) is superior to all other religions. Thoughts like this cause easy disagreements among the mainly Catholic countries of the west, which of course makes them become targets for terrorist attacks. Islam, to add onto that, also requires its followers to follow certain laws named Shira’s Laws. These laws, are sick, barbaric, and inh umane ways to deal with someone who refuses to follow Islam. Cutting off hands, ears, or even justShow MoreRelatedThe Increased Misinterpretations of Africa Essay594 Words   |  3 PagesAfrica, research done by scholars may be illegitimate or seen as offensive to indigenous Africans. These stereotypes are often inaccurate and fallacious representations of Africa. A general stereotype of Africa is that the whole continent is represented or labeled as the dark continent who face poverty, violence and despair. Since Africa is comprised of a desert or jungle like terrain, most Westerners view Africans as primitive beings who are uneducated. Africans are thought to live in rural areas,Read MoreThe Oriental And Gender Stereotype1230 Words   |  5 Pagesindy Coronado March 2, 15 HILD 7B A10923676 TA: Josh Newton 1:00-1:50 The Oriental and Gender Stereotype M.Butterfly, an opera by David Huang, is recognized as a reexamination of John Luther Long’s Madame Butterfly. During the beginning of the 20th century, Asian and Asian Americans were often perceived to a collective stereotype. Well-defined differences between the American Westerner and the Oriental are undermined in both of these readings as â€Å"the west† is seen as the more masculine region andRead MoreExploring The Exotification Of East Asian Women1330 Words   |  6 Pagesexotic lands does not imbue aspects of the society to be portrayed2. Orientalism became prominent since the 18th century, when Western colonialists began their domination in Asia. It is during the rise of colonialism in the 18th century when many Westerners fetishized the East. The generalization of the culture separates them as the East and the West, making East the ‘Other’3. Otherness, resulted from Orientalism, have painted East Asian women as so foreign that from mid 1800 brothe ls until this dayRead MoreThe Concept, Limited Understanding And Negative Stereotypes Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Concept, limited understanding and negative stereotypes Of Islam and Muslims in western countries. Throughout the history, from the creation of the universe and mankind, there have been prophets and messengers sent down to different nations and they descends down to mankind one after the other calling their people to spirituality, morality and self-consciousness. Among these prophets and messengers one regarded by the Muslims as the seal of the prophet hood with a scripture titled ‘TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Gangnam Style A K Pop Single By Korean Musician Psy884 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world. The popularity of this song and dance went viral, however, there is an prominent issue with the stereotype of asian males. Gangnam style is a a great example and representation on the emphasis of how established stereotypes of Asian males remain and continue in the media, particularly in Western media. In a personal opinion, Gangnam Style is such a success due to its Asian stereotype that is depicted as being fascinating and almost comical. The song has little English wo rds and many peopleRead MoreUnderstanding Islam1309 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of those surveyed has an unfavorable view of Islam. The article also states that a CBS poll in April 2006 found that 46 percent of those surveyed believe Islam encourages violence more than other religions. Westerners must recognize the need to combat the backlash of stereotypes and negativity towards Islam within the 21st century. In order to do so, we must first truly understand Islam by comprehending this unique faith and culture. In summation, the â€Å"Understanding Islam† article by KennethRead MoreStereotypes in M. Butterfly Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of cultural stereotypes and misconceptions thematically runs throughout David Henry Hwang’s play M. Butterfly. The play is inspired by a 1986 newspaper story about a former French diplomat and a Chinese opera singer, who turns out to be a spy and a man. Hwang used the newspaper story and deconstructed it into Madame Butterfly to help breakdown the stereotypes that are present between the East and the West. Hwang’s play overall breaks down the sexist and racist clichà ©s that the East-WestRead MoreIslam s Views On Islam892 Words   |  4 PagesMany Westerners fear the influence of Islam in political life because they hold many misconceptions and stereotypes about Muslims that are false. For example, some people view Muslims as terrorists and others believe that they do not support feminism. Using Soroush’s approa ch to a just government, Westerners should not fear the presence of Islamic teachings in political life because its teachings promote freedom and the equality of all people, as well as religious liberty. In the beginning ofRead MoreQuestions On The Midterm Exam1486 Words   |  6 Pagescounterparts. For the most part, they believed that Africans had made little, if any, progress since some humans left the continent and established themselves in other parts of the world. While this viewpoint may seem ludicrous to most modern people, Westerners actually based their claims on various theories. A major theory used to promulgate this viewpoint was the concept of Social Darwinism. This theory holds that human beings, like other organisms, ares subject to the concepts natural selection andRead MorePersepolis 1083 Words   |  5 Pageshates Westerners, but a lot of its citizens envy Western culture. The main reason for the hate that Iran lashes out at Western culture is because we dismantled the old regime that they had, which happened to be a democracy. Western countries, mainly the United States and the United Kingdom, were blocked from buying Iranian oil by the former presidency, so they replaced the president with a Shah who would allow them to buy oil from Iran. Because of this issue people in Iran will stereotype westerners

Observation of 10 Month Baby - 1361 Words

Observation on a 10 month baby Stephen Conlon Child Psychology Applied Psychology Group D Observation Number: 1 Observation Date: 15/9/2012 Method Used: Observing Start time: 12:00pm Finish Time: 12:30pm Name of child: TC / initials Number of children present: 1 Number of adults present: 0 Permission obtained from: Parents Setting / Background: TC lives in a 2 bedroom apartment in city centre, TC is an only child. TC’s father is an engineer and works 5 days a week. TC’s mother is a teacher and works 5 days a week. TC attends cresh on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays. TC’s grandparents look after her Thursdays and Fridays. Immediate context: TC has just had lunch, and now playing†¦show more content†¦By the age of 9-10 months she should be capable of holding her head up by herself with no difficulty. From my observation TC is holding her head up unassisted throughout the whole time of observation. This is another indication that TC is a healthy baby and developing at the normal rate. †¢ Palmer Grip o This stage begins at the age of 6 months and develops from there. Babies are capable of gripping onto the object. During this observation TC uses this grip to hold onto the beads to move then at times but used it mainly when playing with 2 hands one to move the objects and the other using the palmer grip to hold onto the beads maze. This is a normal thing for a baby to know at 10 months, another sign of good development. †¢ Sitting Unaided o At this stage of development the baby should be fully capable of sitting unaided and be able to crawl around to get where they want to go. At this stage they will also be looking to further themselves by starting to try stand on their own. This begins at 6 months with the learning to pull them self up to sitting position by 10 months they should be able to sit up by themselves and have no problems with sitting by themselves. In my observation TCShow MoreRelatedMy Observation At Oakwood Methodist Preschool1693 Words   |  7 PagesI conducted my observation at Oakwood Methodist Preschool on May 9, 2016 at 9:30 in the morning and 3:00 in the afternoon. The child I observed was a 16-month old female that I did have previously relations too. I use to work at Oakwood Methodist as an Extended Care Teacher. I use to care for Baby M in the infant room. During the observation there were two teachers, and 7 infants. The room that the observation took place in had many toys such as: ball s, bouncers, walkers, rattles, and soft plushRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pregnancy1323 Words   |  6 Pagesprevious right cornual ectopic pregnancy, previous c-section, cholecystectomy, and salpingectomy. She was having a c-section due to the possible risk of tearing and bleeding from the previous ectopic pregnancy*. Mother planned on breastfeeding her baby with minor supplements of formula (if necessary). A.M. was artificially ruptured at 0835 on 11/20/14. It took 1.35 seconds from AROM to birth, and the fluid was semiserious colored. A.M.’s last blood pressure was 102/72, pulse of _____, respirationsRead MoreOral Language Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesreading to the baby helps with not only voice recognition, but also verbal development (similar.com). | Babbling | Babbling happens between 4-6 months of age. During this stage, the constant, vowel combination comes into play. As the child gets older 8-10 months, the babbling becomes more developed. This becomes more like a rhythm and sound babbling known as echolalic babbling. | â€Å"Ba-ba-ba†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Da-da-da†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ma-ma-ma† | Imitate any sounds that the baby may make. Also cheer when the baby makes a relatedRead MoreObservation 1 Physical Development946 Words   |  4 PagesObservation 1 Physical Development Date 9/10/2012 Time 11.00am Number of children present 1 Number of adults present 2 Permission obtained from mother Physical Development: Physical development: The growth and development of the body’s muscles, bones, energy systems, and the nervous system. Description of setting: This observation took place at the TC home. Immediate context: In the main living room there is lots of cushions around the room, there is wooden floors and theRead MoreLife Span Development Course At Dordt College866 Words   |  4 Pagesof a 3-month old male, Cupper, and a 5.5-month old girl, Mariah. This observation was done in room 1320 in the classroom building of Dordt College. When the two babies were brought in Both Cupper and Mariah exhibited a social smile when entering the room. This expression is defined to be a response to an external stimulus, in this case other faces in the room smiling at the children (Santrock, 2014). A social smile is part of socioemotional development and usually occurs after two months of ageRead MoreStages Of Attachment Of The Infant s Attachment1211 Words   |  5 Pagesemerges from the affect between mother and child in the first two months as the infant signals their needs by clinging, smiling, and crying. During this stage infants are not yet attached to anyone and do not discriminate between caregivers. Between their second and eighth month, infants become increasingly preferential of one caregiver, most often the mother. The primary indicator of the emerging attachment is whether or not the 7-8 month-old infant protests when separated from their caregiver, andRead MoreThe China ´s Milk Scandal766 Words   |  3 Pagesdevelopment and enhance their i ntelligence. Does DHA really make our babies smarter? About DHA DHA stands for docosahexaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fatty acid3. DHA is a major component of the retina and human brain. It is naturally found in fish oil, algae, fungi and breast milk. Many scientific studies have demonstrated that DHA could lower risk of cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer’s disease4. Is DHA necessary for babies? Peng Xiaofang and Cheung Hon-Yeung from the City University of HongRead MorePostpartum Depression And Parent Child Relationships1406 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Partum depression is a serious issue and has been shown to display serious constraints. (Thurgood S., et al., 2009, p. 19). Postpartum Depression encompasses several mood disorders that follow childbirth. Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of all new mothers, but may be as high as 35% in certain demographic groups (Thurgood S., et al., 2009, p. 19-20). PPD is underdiagnosed and remains the most common complication of childbirth and the most common perinatal psychiatric disorder. WomenRead MoreLearning The Native Language Essay884 Words   |  4 Pages There are also Pre—language stages. These pre-linguistic sounds which are made in the early stages in the Childs language acquisition are simply called ‘cooing’ and ‘babbling’. By roughly 4 to 6 months of age babies start to make many more sounds. Before speaking words, babies go through a period of babbling, in which they are practicing the sounds, intonations and rhythms of language. They learn to replicate sounds they hear and how moving their tongue and lips changeRead MoreDevelopmental Milestones : Child Development1555 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities and hand and finger skills. Senses and Reflexes at Birth At birth, the baby seemed to be much in a state of hypertonia in the limbs and hypotonic in the head and trunk. The sensory development of the newborn would thus be evaluated through the senses which characteristically include hearing, vision, taste, touch, and smell. At day one, and subsequent days after birth, it remains evident that not all the senses in the baby were equally developed, thus the differences remain significant in marking

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay - 440 Words

Parents often wonder how to start off their children’s education. Depending on ones religion or beliefs a private or public school is a choice most parents face. Of course, each school offers it’s own pros and con’s the choice is simple. Public schools offer the best well rounding of a student. While being enrolled in a public school, students are faced with real outside world problems, are with a different blend of students each year, and are also introduced to the latest technology faster. While, a public school the money is offered to them by the state easier then having donations like a private school. Ones child will most likely be with the same students throughout their educational years. Classes aren’t as big and varied like†¦show more content†¦These classes allow students to pursue a career from the knowledge they have obtained. For example, one might take a business class, which could lead to a career in the business industry. On the other hand, in Private schools they only provide the necessary classes required by the state. In some intermediate private schools, Home Economics and Shop classes Brady 2 aren’t even offered. Unlike Public schools these classes have been offered since fifth or sixth grade and up. The uniforms in private schools ones child will be wearing would not allow the child to show character in his self. Uniforms may make life easier in the long run, but think of how many different ways in style people express themselves. There’s skater, prep, sporty, gothic, hippie, or whatever is convertible. In public schools, ones child has many different ways to fit in or dress how they feel is convertible to them. The sports in private schools aren’t that excelled as ones in public schools. Like in private intermediate schools there are not a variety of sports. Public schools offer sports as young as their primary schools. Sports in Public schools seem to be widely known and are more funded. The money that Public schools receive go towards uniforms, equipment, and top of the line coach’s. Public schools show to the community that they will educate and well round you child better thenShow MoreRelatedPrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat private school is more expensive than public school, but has it ever occurred to you why it is like this? Private schools are not just trying to take your money, they are just trying to provide a quality education, without the government funding that public schools get. The tuition money goes to very important things; high quality teachers, better resources and the overall quality and stability of the institution. It is true that private school tuition is expensive, but private schools haveRead MorePriv ate Schools Vs Public Schools1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of private schools they often think of a quality of education that cannot be found in a public school. Private school education is thought of to be so thorough and innovative that public vouchers are given to individuals just to attend. Many parents could rest easier at night if their kids could attend private school because for generations it has been drilled into the psyche of many that going to private school is a sure way to have a good future. In actuality however, private schools are notRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1428 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in private schools, which almost represents the fifth of students in Saudi Arabia. Although a lot of families prefer to make their children study in private school, that does not mean they are completely satisfied about the schools’ quality and their children’ achievement (Al-Hagbani, 2013). Nevertheless, they still enroll their children in priva te schools, believing they will benefit more from studying in private schools than public schools. In addition, some parents believe that private schoolsRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1207 Words   |  5 PagesAn Introduction of the Topic Private schools differ from public schools for many different reasons. The major difference is that the government, unlike private schools that are privately funded, funds public schools. Another difference would be that the private schools have more flexibility on what they can teach because the government does not fund them. One other difference that is very prevalent is the social goals of schooling. This topic is a very important issue that many parents struggle withRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools998 Words   |  4 Pagesnation. People today might say that private schools are superior to public schools, saying that they are safer and a better environment to learn in. Some might say that a private school is a way of sheltering your child and not letting them experience opportunities and face many problems to learn from. There are many positives and negatives to both sides; it mainly depends on whom you are talking to. Some parents might want their child to go to a pri vate school because the class size is smaller andRead MorePublic Schools vs. Private Schools1027 Words   |  4 Pagesare things to consider before choosing to send your child to a public school or private school. Perhaps doing so would be much easier if you would take the time to research the differences between the two. Public schools are better than private schools because of the diversity, funding and extracurricular activities available. Eileen Gale Kugler, a national advocate for diverse schools, wrote an article about how the diversity in schools makes academic and social improvements. She recalls a memoryRead More Private Schools vs. Public Schools870 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing between a public or a private school for one’s education is as important as deciding where to invest one’s hard-earned money—the consequences influence one’s life forever. In the United States, it is the law for every child to be educated. However, the decision as to where to go for one’s education is up to each individual. There is a great deal of debate as to which is the better option: for-profit private schools or one’s local public school. Ultimately, the decision is made regardingRead MorePrivate Schools vs. Public Schools 1081 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever attended a private institution? What was your experience like? Think back and compare it to your ideal public school, which on e happens to pale in comparison? Public schools, which are controlled by the government, and heavily influenced, by politicians and privateers, hurt your children, not allowing them to reap the full benefits of their growing mind. â€Å"Our schools have been scientifically designed to prevent over-education from happening. The average American [should be] contentRead MorePrivate School Vs. Public School1254 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Private school students are more likely to have a better viewpoint in learning, a firm stance in education, and will be more successful in colleges than of public school students. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: According to NCES data, 88 percent of private high school students apply to college, compared to 57 percent of public high school students. Every day parents contemplate whether to send their children to private or public school. There are many dangers that come with public schoolRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools921 Words   |  4 Pageschild’s education, parents want the best the school has to offer their children. Parents want a prosperous future for their child which is not only health, but a well-educated one. Education is of the utmost importance especially because it will impact the child the most in the long run. Private schools offer ample education opportunities. There are some factors to consider when choose a private school education over a public one. Many times, the private schools are religious are having certain beliefs

Deadly Unna Essay Free Essays

Deadly Unna by Phillip Gwyn is a story about the friendship between two boys set up in a small country town in the 1980’s South Australia. Gary Black (or Blacky) is the protagonist, a fifteen year old boy with many siblings, who develops and matures. He becomes highly aware of racism in the small country town against aboriginal people, as well as many other issues through out the course of the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Deadly Unna Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through out the story he meets a girl named Cathy that he gets smitten by, he looses his friend Dumby because he died in a shoot out down by the bar, so he drastically matures as the novel progress. Some of the other significant themes dealt with by Deadly Unna are the issues related to life in a small country town and the idea of loss of childhood innocence. Let’s begin when Blacky’s ALF team gets trophies for a specific category e. g. : scored most goals ECT. Dumby was the ‘best man on field’ so he obviously deserved and earned the ‘Best Man on Field’ Trophy. But instead the trophy was awarded to Mark-Arks. Remember when Dumby tried to mug Macca’s bar, he died because he shoot him with a shotgun and the police didn’t even try to solve the case. Basically nobody cared just because Dumby was just another Aborigines kid. Speaking of Maccas’s bar, all the gonyas sits in the front of the bar. But the Nungas is in the back. Except for one person called Tommy who always says Chug-A-Lug. But he’s only there because he is always drunk and it’s funny for the Gonyas. When the Slogs wrote BOONGS PISS OFF. This really affected Blacky because he became so aware of racism ever since Dumby’s death. Blacky’s loss of childhood innocence begun when Dumby died, one of his best friends that he has ever had just disappeared and now his childhood has basically vanished because everything he knew as a child is now gone. When Gary wanted to grab some paint and a brush his dad busted him and told Blacky to put the brush and the paint down. But Gary has matured because he as gone through so much that he has lost his childhood. All the Sad stuff that has been going on in his life made him realise that he is not a little kid anymore, especially when Darcy said ‘I dare say they should Blacky, I dare say they should†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He now sees what racism people have against the Aboriginal population, and now his childhood has passed away. Another example is when Gary gets smitten by Cathy, this is a prime example that he has now matured and moved on to his teenage life. How to cite Deadly Unna Essay, Essays

Concept of the Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss the concept of the human resource management. Answer: Introduction The concept of the human resource management is one of the most significant as well as a crucial concept in the overall managerial process and operations. There are different kinds of assets present in various organizations (Bach Edwards, 2012). Out of all the assets, the most valuable and significant asset are the notion of the human resource management. The human resource management of an organization provides the overall outline of the plans and policies of the organization. There are certain organizational goals and objectives, which every organization irrespective of the size and nature of the business develops in the overall plans and operations of the organization (Brewster Mayrhofer, 2012). However, it is one of the most challenging jobs for the managers of the teams to develop all the plans and activities of the organization accordingly and to get the work done by the employees in a positive manner. In this case, the role of the human resource management contributes a sign ificant portion. The selected organization in the study is Emirates Airlines. The assignment will focus on all the key areas, which include human resource practices, and various issues within the organization (Briscoe, Schuler, Tarique, 2012). The assignment will focus on the following sectors such as team building as well as team working and motivation as well as a proper reward system on which the team benefited by applying a proper human resource administration in the overall organizational operations. Main Section of the study Emirates airline is the third largest airlines in the world when measured by scheduled passengers and kilometers, and it ranked as the seventh major carriers when measured regarding revenue and assets and it is ranked as the fourth when measured regarding international passengers. The back of the study will analyze all the key factors, which needs to be focused on developing a proper human resource outline in the organization. Since every business, the organization is made up of people, which includes acquiring their services, developing their skills motivating them to ensure the higher level of the performance in the group, which will continue to maintain the commitment to the team are very much essential to achieve organizational objectives (Daft, 2012). Organization, people, and management are the core elements of the human resource management. Team Working Activities However, this section of the study will ensure towards the development of the different scope of the Human resource management, which can be explained in a much-diversified manner. The organization in the study is Emirates Airlines. To develop a proper human resource management, the organization is concerned towards the relationship of the management employees (Dessler, 2013). On the other hand, it is also concerned with the relationship of the employees in all the important matter of the organization, which includes personal development and much more. Teams working, as well as Team buildings, are the two significant areas, which the present organization in the study focused towards the development process of a proper human resource management practices. The idea of the performance management is a continuous dynamic process, which improves the overall organizational effectiveness and strategic goals. On the other hand, the notion of the performance appraisal includes periodic event and formal review, which is the last step in the overall performance management process of the organization (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 2012). The overall performance management goals of Emirates includes communication between excellent and employees, feedbacks on performance, documentation, development goals and alignment with strategic planning goals. The human resource management of the organization participate in strategic planning, contract job analysis, support performance management, train and support managers and ensure the integrity of the sys tem are the key areas which the current organization focuses on the development process of the human resource practices of the organization. To evaluate an overall performance management system as well as proper team building in the organization, six steps need to be organized in a proper manner. Production planning, performance execution, performance assessments, performance review and performance renewal and re-contracting are the key areas that are the key sectors, which Emirates Airlines in the overall organizational process develops (Kotler Keller, 2012). The organization in the study strongly believes in the process of formulating different a proper smart objective plan which includes five measurable factors such as specific measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. The final step of the performance management process, which is practiced by the human resource management of the organization, maintains a proper performance cycle. The second factor, which is included in the methods of the HRM theory of Emirates, is towards maintaining an appropriate cultural diversity in the process of team building activities. In the era of globalization, employees join different organization from various cultural backgrounds. The overall artistic in the organization will need to continue towards the development process of the harmony in the overall organizational process (Lawler Boudreau, 2012). Every culture in the organization has its identity, which defines the internal environment of the organization. The cultural of the group is relatively stable, and the members of the organization perceive it. The objective of Emirates towards the development process of cultural diversity in the human resource practices is to control behavior and performance of the team in an efficient manner. Motivation and Reward Development of motivation and rewards in the overall performance level of the organization is to analyze the risk as well as the freedom of the employees (Management Association, 2012). The notion of the organizational motivation influence the overall regulatory climate, which includes the set of characteristics that will describe an organization, distinguishes one from another and changes the behavior aspects of the people in the group. Emirates Airlines strongly believes in the fact that there is a high need for the cultural development in the overall organizational by the team will be benefited in particular ways. It influences the satisfaction and performance through the application of the change in the behavior system (Martocchio, Joshi, Liao, 2012). It changes the attitudes of the members of the organization through the evolution of self and others. On the other hand, the degree of responsibility, freedom, which different individuals have in the organization, can be concluded as the individual anatomy. The second point, which is highlighted, is the development process of a proper organizational structure that is the degree to which an organization creates and develops clear objectives, expectations, and authority relationship. The third point, which is highlighted in the study, is the reward system, which is based on the performance rather than seniority. Emirates concluded the overall human resource management in four objectives, which includes mission, goals, objectives, and functions (McShane Von Glinow, 2012). The overall leadership process includes different kinds of style, communication, decision-making and related process which the overall management of the organization follows. Emirates have developed a proper variety to execute all the plans and proceedings in an appropriate manner. With a view to maintaining an adequate diversity in the organization, the company needs to evaluate all the activities towards developing a proper communication as well as an appropriate feedback system (Prescott Rothwell, 2012). It will allow all the employees in the organization to share their views to enhance the decision making the process of the organization in a well-executed manner. The group in the study Emirates evaluated all the ideas of every individual in the decision making the process of the organization, which enhances the overall objectives in the organizational process (Robbins Coulter, 2012). The notion of motivation system includes when the rate of change outside exceeds the rate of change inside. There are certain parameters that an emirate in the overall business process believes that there is individual change is required in the overall managerial process (Rothwell et al., 2012). Knowledge economy, virtual organization, managers acquisitions, electronic commerce, digital convergence, and privatization are the key factors, which needs to be highlighted in the overall change management process of the organization (Schermerhorn, 2012). The principles of change, which the team needs to develop, are a process that can be enabled not managed in the function of the group. One of the key factors that which the Emirates Airline was benefited in the organizational business are to develop a proper change in the overall managerial plans and activities of the organization. Emirates have linked the entire change process to the firm with the performance goals and objectives (Bach Edwards, 2012). However, Emirate in the overall practices of the Human resource management Emirates has done a remarkable job towards building capacity to change a strategic imperative (Dessler, 2013). However, developing the ability for an overall change management system is an evolutionary process, which brings a systematic view of the overall organizational process. The objective of the organization towards the development of a proper change management process is to involve both the organizational transition as well as personal changes. However, the development of a behavior change is a function which the organization of perceived need and occurs at the intellectual level of the organizational plans and procedures. Resistance to absorption is one of the critical point, which needs to be analyzed and investigated in a proper manner (Brewster Mayrhofer, 2012). To evaluate the motivation system in the organization, there are five different kinds of attributes, which Emirates in the overall HRM practice develops. Motivating change, creating a vision of change, developing political support, managing the transition change, and sustaining momentum are the five crucial factors, which the organization developed properly in the HRM system (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 2012). Findings and Analysis This part of the study will include the critical theories, which are required by the organization to develop the overall HRM practices. The 360-feedback system is one of the essential principles, which is highlighted towards the development of a proper HRM practices. On the other hand, need theory, models of a sustainable model of HRM and HR Competency are the relevant standards, which Emirates Airlines develops in the overall business activities. All the different kinds of theories are highlighted with the objective to increase the overall performance of the organizational plans and procedures (Briscoe, Schuler, Tarique, 2012). Performance management, culture, equity as well as diversity and change management system are the key parameters, which are reflected in the study and are supported by different kinds of relevant theories. The organization in the study has done a remarkable job towards maintaining all the principles and practices by matching the requirements of the organizat ion in a well-defined manner. The organization has done a remarkable job towards developing a proper team building activities in the overall managerial activities of the organization towards developing a proper reward system. Conclusion and Recommendation The concluding part of the assignment will analyze all the key elements, which are required by every organization to evaluate in the overall practice of HRM. The group in the study, which is selected, is Emirates Airlines. It is one of the top most airlines when measures concerning revenue, passengers, flights and much more. This is one of the most successful airlines, and all the essential practices of the Human resource management are highlighted in the study. All the employees in the organizations get the equal opportunities to share their views and ideas in the decision making the process of the overall HRM practice. All the activities of the Human Resource management of the organization are assigned in such a manner, which guides all the employees in the organization keeping in mind the requirements of the organizational plans and procedures. The ultimate objective of any organization is to achieve the overall corporate aims and objectives, which will guide all the employees to work in an efficient manner. The business performance of the company is quite to the mark. However, one recommendation can be added in the study to increase the overall efficiency of the organization. The feedback system of the organization needs to be developed in such a manner, which will allow the team to develop a proper feedback system and increase the overall performance of the organizational procedures. Reference List Bach, S. Edwards, M. (2012).Managing Human Resources. Hoboken: Wiley. Brewster, C. Mayrhofer, W. (2012).Handbook of research on comparative human resource management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Briscoe, D., Schuler, R., Tarique, I. (2012).International human resource management. New York, NY: Routledge. Daft, R. (2012).Management. Australia: South-Western. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Gomez-Mejia, L., Balkin, D., Cardy, R. (2012).Managing human resources. Boston: Pearson. Human resources management. (2012). Hershey, PA. Kotler, P. Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lawler, E. Boudreau, J. (2012).Effective human resource management. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Business Books, an imprint of Stanford University Press. Management Association, U. (2012).Human Resources Management. IGI Global. Martocchio, J., Joshi, A., Liao, H. (2012).Research in personnel and human resources management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. McShane, S. Von Glinow, M. (2012).Organizational behavior. New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Prescott, R. Rothwell, W. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Robbins, S. Coulter, M. (2012).Management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Rothwell, W., Prescott, R., Lindholm, J., Yarrish, K., Zaballero, A., Benscoter, G. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Schermerhorn, J. (2012).Organizational behavior.. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

The Single Emotional poeffect Essay Example For Students

The Single Emotional poeffect Essay The Single Emotional poeffectWhen reviewing Nathaniel Hawthornes Tales, Edgar Allen Poe pronounced that the short story, if skillfully written, should deliver a single preconceived effect- an effect upon which incidents be fashioned to accommodate that effect. Edgar Allen Poe was indeed a skillful writer. His short story, The Fall of the House of Usher is a flawless example of a story in which all elements contribute to the delivery of a single emotional effect. Poe accomplishes this by achieving a perfect tone, developing suspense and unifying stylistic elements thereby meeting his own criteria. In his pronouncement Poe also wrote that In the whole composition there should be no word written, of which the tendency, direct or indirect, is not to the one pre-established design. Thus, in The Fall of the House of Usher Poe creates a perfect tone critical to the delivery of his preconceived effect. The senses of insufferable gloom, utter depression of soul and sinking, sickening of the heart which pervade the narrators spirit immediately establish the tone. The narrators description of the scene as dull, dark, bleak, desolate and terrible all function in communicating the tone. These concrete and denotative words ensure a clear and solid tone is conveyed to the reader thereby contributing to the overall effect of terror. The regular use or repetition of the words dark, gloomy and oppressive in some form serves function to further define and emphasize a perfect tone. It also perceivable that Poes choice in the narrators role being the participant supports his intent to communicate consistent feelings; hence consistent tone. In order to strengthen his already established tone, Poe selectively uses imagery in scenes of terrible nature. The imagery created by the descriptive details of the lofty and enshrouded figure of the lady Madeline of Usher and the blood upon her white robes evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame. exemplify th e imagery created by the descriptive details Poe exclusively uses in such scenes of terror. The reserved creation of imagery in these scenes is invaluable to the clarity and emphasis of the tone-a tone vital to the delivery of the single emotional effect of terror. Along with devising a perfect tone, Edgar Allen Poe builds a high degree of suspense in order to bring about his desired effect. Poe is able to skillfully structure long involved sentences that contain several ideas to fit his purpose of creating confusion and mystery. The expression of the narrators feeling of wild amazement and his claim that he did actually hear a low and apparently distant, but harsh, protracted and most unusual screaming or grating sound exemplifies the mix of thought and numerous descriptions that all appear in one sentence. This technique draws the reader into a state of ponder as he tries to make sense of a somewhat overwhelming group of ideas. The intentional absence of detail, imagery and explan ation of certain factors in the story, such as how, exactly, Madeline dies and the nature of her malady, serves function to arouse a great deal of curiosity in the reader as to the answer of these questions. The vagueness of such events result in a high level of suspicion felt by the reader. In preparation for the single emotional effect, Poe sets up his audience through suspense in order to ensure the effect is successfully delivered in a most powerful manner. This is accomplished through the rising level of anticipation he breeds in the reader with the anticipation the narrator feels as he reads The Mad Twist. While reading this story, the narrator, at intervals, hears the very cracking and ripping sound which Sir Lancelot had so particularly described, the low and apparently distant, but harsh, protracted, and most unusual screaming or grating sound and the sound of a shield of brass fallen heavily upon a floor of silver. Through the exposure to these increasingly realistic and b elievable sounds, Poe transposes his audience into the correct mindset for the delivery of his single emotional effect.From the first sentence where the approach to the Usher House is met by intense feelings to the last sentence of utter terror, Edgar Allen Poe creates each paragraph as pieces of a puzzle which all link together to form a single emotional picture of terror. To create a strong unity in this story Poe refrained from including any words, phrases or sentences that would not contribute to the suspense or tone he wished to establish. Other effects such as humor, morality and logic are also deliberately omitted. The consonance and repetition used in Usher speech when he asks Not hear it?-yes, I hear it, and have heard it. Long-long-long-many minutes, many hours, many days, have I heard it and Do I not distinguish that heavy and horrible beating of her heart? Shows how Poe uses these techniques to enhance rhythm and create emphasis thus adding to the unity of the story. Poe s use of parallel and balanced sentences also create consistent rhythm which aid in the maintenance of tone and suspense. The parallelism that exists between the poem the The Haunted Palace and what is occurring in the House of Usher achieves a great deal of unity as it helps to connect the events to come by foreshadowing an imminent, terrible and rapid deterioration of the House of the Ushers. Through directing all elements of his style to one common cause, Poe creates a unified story, optimal of achieving a single emotional effect.Through diction, details, imagery, sentence structure-style-Poe develops a high degree of suspense as well as a perfect tone which remains constant throughout the story. It is clear that through his chosen style, Edgar Allen Poe has devised a believable tale of increasing terror that succeeds in leaving his audience with a powerful, single emotional effect of utmost terror. .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 , .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .postImageUrl , .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 , .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:hover , .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:visited , .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:active { border:0!important; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:active , .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1 .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubea42023394087c68a2b6955e4e1f4d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paranoid Personality Disorders Essay We will write a custom essay on The Single Emotional poeffect specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Internet friends real or fake Essays

Internet friends real or fake Essays Internet friends real or fake Essay Internet friends real or fake Essay Essay Topic: F for Fake What constitutes a real friendship? In this day and age many people have lots of friends with social media especially Facebook users. Can a friendship through social media replace a friend that you can touch and feel? People use social media websites to keep in touch or reconnect to past acquaintances and follow each others lives. People use social media sites such as facebook, myspace or instgram to keep in touch and follow each others lives. Before these sites or the internet people kept in touch with friends by visiting, calling and writing letters all of which require a real ffort to nurture a friendship. During those times if you werent close friends with someone they would eventually not be part of youre so called friends after sometime. Now you can keep in up with people who would have fallen out of your life before. Now with the click of a button or two you will be friends with anyone anywhere in the world. These friends can offer support in hard times and celebrate with someone when times are good. In Friends with Benefits by Kate Dailey she speaks of friends and how they can support you through social media. One thing that is addressed is Researchers have et to significantly study the social implications of Facebook (Dailey 219). The information provided goes over friends on Facebook and how they be of some support when someone suffers a loss or has something good happen. They might offer support or words of encouragement with a loss which can be helpful. If someone was to lose a Job, spouse, child or some other tragic incident then a person could offer words of encouragement or support. The question is can these online friends help and offer the same support as a friend there in person. Having someone ho can offer sincere condolences versus someone who sends a frowning face on a social media website. People usually like to interact with real people during hard times and those friends are people involved in each others lives. Friends that are wanted in our lives will be connected by more than a screen name. During a bad time of someones life they can be helped by many things such as words of encouragement, a shoulder to cry on or a good deed. Online friends can offer typed words of help or encouragement but nothing more really but flesh and blood friends can offer all of that plus the real human interaction. On the opposite side is support when theres good things happening in ones life like kids, Job and other accomplishments. When a goal is met or some other great event occurs in someones life online friends can be supportive with words or smiley faces. Before the internet we wouldnt see our acquaintances very often: every once in a while, we might show up at a wedding and suddenly have 100 of our closest friends around (Daly 219). Theres an endorphin release when people receive good news or words of encouragement but nothing can compare to the feeling for actual human to human contact. Flesh a blood friends can do more than send each other a message or post a comment on a page or picture. Many people gather with their friends and do things such as BBQs, dinners, birthday parties and even go on vacations together. Many friendships are built over time and through ups and downs they share together some over many years. Having online friends express well wishes some success. Looking at online friends one may amass hundreds of these friends but in reality people only have a few good friends according to Shelley E. Taylor, professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angles (Dailey 219). By having so many so called friends some fell more important but most only keep in contact with a small number of their friends. Its impossible to have more than a few friends in anyones life as there isnt enough time to grow that many relationships. Many people seem to confuse friends and acquaintances in the realm of social media leading them to think they can count on everyone they correspond with on these sites. When you need help can you post on a something like Facebook and count on people outside of your core group of friend showing up to help? Its interesting at how many people use social edia Facebook attracted 67. million visitors in the U. S. in April (according to ComScore Inc. ), and the fastest-growing demographic is people over 35 (Dailey 219). This in itself is interesting but the reason for the old age of the growing population is the connecting with past acquaintances from our past. I did a survey of my friends list and asked why everyone was friends with the people they had chosen to be friends with on Facebook. Many answers were to reconnect with people they had lost contact with while others wanted to see if past relationships had moved up or gone down in their opinion. This part was shocking and funny that some would admit this and it seems many would use friends to check on ex-spouses or ex-lovers. The people with children use Facebook to keep track of their kids friends and families. Another interesting fact was the way military or veterans use Facebook to stay in contact with friends all around the world. One big positive benefit was how many grandparents use Facebook to keep up to date on what their grandchildren are doing which before the internet they waited for a phone call or a letter. Now they can see pictures the day the picture is taken and can essage them with no mail or long distance calls. Can Facebook friends provide the same as a flesh and blood friend? The simple answer is no but there are many variables that must be considered. During a hard time Posting personal experiences, no matter how painful, also allows acquaintances who have lived through similar experiences to reach out, either with information about support groups or Just an empathetic ear. The idea of sharing a commonality helps make it a little more bearable. Youre not alone, and there are others going through what you went through (Dailey 220). This shows that if you allow people to know things are going rough you well have people whoVe gone through similar situations support you and point you in the right direction. Another aspect is you can freely vent frustrations without someone feeling attacked. On the positive side you receive support whether youre dealing with a hard time or a great experience youVe had recently. People can express support or reassurance online but nothing replaces the warm feeling-or brain-boosting endorphins-that come from human-on-human contact, and you cant send someone a casserole through Facebook (Dailey 220). Nothing will ever replace a real friend that you can see and touch no matter what applications or emotions are added. People by nature need to be around others and spend time with people who know us down to the core. Some may have hundreds of you are more involved than an online friend that may Just be there to wish you well, say happy birthday because Facebook told them it was your birthday and to give some condolences. A real friend will come sit and listen during a tough phase, bring you food to eat when youre sick or come to see the new baby you Just had at the ospital. Real friends you can call in the middle of the night for anything and theyll be there to help you were a online friend might send you a message or comment in a few days or weeks. Humans speak more in actions than they do with words and the majority of our communication is nonverbal than it is actual verbal communication. Cited Work Dailey, Kate. Friends with Benefits: Do Facebook Friends Provide the Same Support as Those in Real Life. Writing Today. Ed. Richard Johnson-Sheehan and Charles Paine. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2010. 218-221. Print

When to Walk Away

When to Walk Away A few years ago I saw an announcement for the Tony Hillerman contest. Named after the great mystery novelist, the contest has very specific rules, including where the novel must take place. The winner receives a publishing contract with St. Martins and a nice advance. With the deadline three months away, I dove in and wrote Wink of an Eye like a madwoman. But forty-thousand words into the manuscript, I realized there was no way I could complete it, have it edited, and polish it for submission in such a short time. I was not going to submit a very rough first draft. So I chucked the contest but kept the manuscript, kept working with it, hoping to submit somewhere, someday. My critique group edited the story, but I wound up shelving the book for a while as I moved on to other projects. Then two years ago at a conference, I had the opportunity to pitch to an agent. The agent loved Wink of an Eye, saying the voice had tremendous potential. But her next words made me blink. â€Å"I know I can sell this to a small press.† At the risk of sounding arrogant, I knew I could sell it to a small press. But when the agent told me to send the entire manuscript, excitement urged me to oblige. A week or so later, I received an email from the agency intern saying, yes, she loved it too! But we had a few problems. Good voice, but too much dialogue. Excessive description because it was too visual; per the intern, having readers say they can â€Å"see it as a movie† isnt a good thing. Oh, and the beginning had to change. But they loved it and knew it would sell to any number of small presses. I scratched my head at what was supposed to be my big break. A real agent wanted to represent my work. So why wasnt I doing back flips? I went to work on the suggested revisions and soon had several documents named Wink rewrite, Wink rewrite2, Wink rewrite3, and so on . . . until I said enough. Some of the changes I agreed with- like changing a passive verb- but the dialogue and descriptive imagery stayed. This story was my ba So what happened to Wink of an Eye? I submitted it to the St. Martins Press/Minotaur Books Best 1st Private Eye Novel Competition and the darn thing won. With all its dialogue and descriptive imagery and even the occasional passive voice. It will be released November 18, 2014. I knew I had something good, and I stood

Orthodox Interpretation of Japanese War Memories Essay

Orthodox Interpretation of Japanese War Memories - Essay Example The other argument is based on the assumption of the Allies that the government of Japan has declined in properly addressing the country’s war responsibilities during the war. It is also the view of the English speaking Allies that the people of Japan do not adequately acknowledge the responsibility of Japan during the war. Hence, the Japanese should accept the responsibility of the country during the war and this will propel the Japanese government doing the ‘right’ things in context of the war (Seaton 2). Seaton is of the view that this interpretation is flawed. He attributes this to the fact that there are two varying proportions of the interpretation. One of the proportions is described as the ‘state-centered approach’ whereby there is the political and parlance of the war memory (Seaton 2). The other is described as the ‘culturally determinist’ approach where it is analyzed in both sociological and anthropological focusing on the cha racteristics of the Japanese society as unwilling and conforming (Seaton 3). Why this Interpretation is flawed According to Seaton (p. 9), there are three aspects of how this interpretation is flawed. One of the aspects is that it moves precariously between war responsibility and war memories. This is because war responsibility in the current context is highlighted by constantly by political, moral and legal implications of war conduct. On the other hand, war memories are concerned about the way people see past events from the perspective of today’s context. Although the two aspects are related to some aspect, it is important to note that they are very distinct from each. Seaton (p. 9) asserts that while the Japanese government may refuse to compensate, there are Japanese people and the government that remembers the war. Hence, the way Japanese people feel about the way their government compensating could be based on their memory of the war. The development of memory studies has been greatly enhanced by the society acknowledging the fact that history is based on the environment that is changing constantly. Hence, technological, political, and social environments have affected the way many people are viewing past events. Hence, the Japanese cannot be limited to the environments that were present during the Second World War. There are two paradigms within which war memory and commemoration are studied which are; the political and psychological paradigms (Seaton 9). Seaton in Chapter 3 further argues that although Japan has been accused frequently of failing to address the past, the orthodoxy fails to note the main fact that ‘addressing the past’ is kind of unhelpful because it puts the roles of responsibility and memory into one and in so doing smudges the difference between individual, collective and official narratives. The orthodoxy has put across many texts that argue about Japan failing to address the war responsibility issues officially which has in turn spilled over to the orthodoxy claiming that Japan has an inadequate memory. This has led to observers of the Japanese people on how they remember the war being obscured. It is in this context that the orthodoxy has also ignored to look into how other nations handles their war memory including the English speaking Allies. Hence, the Japanese people are held responsible and in so doing, other nationals who were also responsible for the war have

Management Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management Planning - Essay Example n organization and thus it is paramount for an individual to be able to grasp the various concepts that have to do with them Doing so allows one to be able to perform their functions in an efficient manner that will guarantee progress within the company (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2012). Two of the features that have been mentioned above and affect managerial performance include interpersonal relationships and communication skills. These two features can be said to have a relationship with one another as for one develop one, they will need to be able to develop the other (Boddy, 2011). In such a case, it can be said that interpersonal relationships and communication skills are involved in a harmonious existence with one another in the business world. There are a number of ways that these two features can affect the level of performance capable of a manager, but in order to determine what they are, one first needs to understand what these they are (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2012). Interpersonal relationships can refer to an association between two or more people formed as a result of regular interaction between the involved parties with one another (Gable & Reis, 2010). There are different underlying reasons behind the development of this interaction such as lo ve, inference or business/work obligations that require one to spend time with another. This type of relationships can be said to be formed within the contexts and guidelines of society and thus can be governed by the law, mutual agreement or cultural aspects. Interpersonal relationships can be seen as the backbone of society as a whole. Communication skills have to do with the level of ones ability to successfully communicate with another person (Maniaci & Reis, 2010). Communication itself can be explained as the process whereby a message is successfully transferred from one person (the sender) to another (the receiver). Without communication, one would not be able to understand others and thus

Factors Affecting Brand Choice

Factors Affecting Brand Choice Consumer buying decision eventually is influenced by the number of factors or reasons; this concept of decision making is rooted historically in personal, psychological, demographic, and social concerns of the consumer. There are numerous reasons to buy a brand in a given situation, but our objective is only to study the behavior of the consumer regarding his/her purchasing attitude by examining the significant /dominant reasons of buying a particular product in a given situation. As theory suggests that the consumers are usually choosing a brand they recognize. If the consumers do not choose the brand according to traditional theories, then what are the dominant factors that have a greater effect on the buying behavior of a consumer? A lot of controversies are arising while looking into the literature regarding the consumer choice decision, whether the decisions are based on some attributes of the product like quality, price, brand credibility, or on the basis of consumer attitude and intention, advertising, group influences, innovations, and brand loyalty, or the decisions are made on the ground of brand awareness. So many important elements might have strong influence on buying decisions which need to be considered to understand the consumers buying decision making particularly in low involvement category of the products in an un-awareness situation. Further, it seems highly essential to differentiate between buyers behavior toward a choice among various brands within the product category and the dimensions referring to reasons affecting choice of a buyer. The most situations facing every business are to identify the factors determining preferences for the brands with supporting reasons which affect consumer choice. (Itamar and Nowlis, 2000), further, Wilson and Schooler (1991) found that subjects who had analyzed their reasons for liking different brands of jams subsequently expressed preferences that corresponded less well to those of experts than the preferences of subjects who did not analyze the reasons for their attitudes. In many studies the marketers and researchers has recognized the effectiveness of the factors those affecting brand choice, moreover Brown (1950) in his study identified that, physical characteristics of the brand, users experience with the brand, packaging, price, premiums, guarantees, habit, recommendation by friends, recommendation by experts, convenience of dealers location, personal salesmanship, dealer services, dealer prestige, advertising and display, special characteristics of the manufacturer, e.g., labor policy, location, etc., novelty, chance, availability, brand prestige or social acceptance. Many choice situations occur outside of conscious awareness and with limited information search, (Kivetz and Simonson, 2000). Further, there are evidences when some times non-conscious influences affect choice much more than are traditional concept. Whenever the unawareness on the part of consumer about the brands and the consumer is supposed to make a choice in that condition, then what factors or reasons are there which persuade a consumer to choose any brand among from available brands? The controversies about the concept of Consumer buying Decision help in knowing and testing the impact of the dominant factors/reasons on the consumer buying decision in a no-awareness situation, where a consumer is lacking any kind of information regarding the product category or/and about the available brands in that category of low involvement products. The scope of study was to focus on consumer perception on brand choice based on some factors or reasons. The study specifically was designed to explore the phenomenon in which only frequently bought products are tested in an unawareness situation, where the consumer does not have any prior information and knows nothing about the available set of brands within the product category in a given situation. The extent of the research was accelerated to compare the consumer responses of large city and a small town of rural area (i.e.; Karachi and Khairpur). The objective was to understand the consumer perception in different cultures and market segments that may help in developing an appropriate strategy to satisfy the needs of different customers accordingly. 1.2 Problem statement The goal of this experiment was to empirically examine the buying behavior and decision making attitude of the consumer in a no-brand awareness condition of low involvement product categories as a general phenomena and find out any differences with respect to rural and urban consumer choices. Research Questions: 1. How unawareness does differ from awareness of the brands? 2. How do consumers perceive on the products of low involvement? 3. What factors or reasons are there which persuade a consumer to choose any brand among from available brands? 4. How do consumers make the decision to buy the brand and what are the determinants dominating consumers purchasing decision making? 5. How rural and urban consumers differ on determinants dominating purchasing decision making? The study may contribute and assist local marketers and managers to develop effective strategies regarding production, managing, and marketing of the products in a given marketplace, further; To study the consumer response in unawareness situation. To understand the consumer perception toward low involvement products. To understand the differences in choice decision of rural and urban areas. To evaluate the factors affecting consumer choice. To help managers in developing appropriate and effective marketing strategies. 1.3 Hypotheses: H1: Uniqueness/Innovation is the dominant reason for choice of a brand. H2: Quality is the dominant reason for choice of a brand. H3: Price is the dominant reason for choice of a brand. H4: Packaging/Attribute is the dominant reason for choice of a brand. H5: Group Influences is the dominant reason for choice of a brand. H6: Company Credibility is the dominant reason for choice of a brand. H7: There is no difference in dominant reason for choice of a brand in rural and urban area consumer. 1.4 Outline of the study The basic purpose of the research was to explore and recognize the effects of important elements affecting the consumers preferences and relative actions to purchase and to identify major reason(s) to purchase in a given situation where the consumer has no prior knowledge about the brands under consideration set. Expected Benefits of the study; To have a better understanding of unawareness on the part of consumer where he/she is going to make purchase decision. To realize how the consumer perceive on the low involvement product category, where little efforts are needed to make a purchase. To understand the factors influencing purchasing decision in a given situation. To assist the managers and marketers to know the dominant determinants of consumer decision and to develop the strategies particularly when introducing a new brand in a given market. Definitions The choice has been defined by different researchers in varied aspects, Flemming (1976) viewed the choice with supporting example by saying, that the person walking down a road who hesitates at a fork in the road before choosing which route to take classically illustrates choice. Consumer Buying Behavior was defined by Schiffman, and Kanuk, (1997) as the study of how individuals make decision to spend their available resources on consumption-related item, where they buy it how often they buy it and how often they use it. Low involvement refers to the premise that the consumers while making a purchase decision experiencing with little effort, time , and money to decide for a particular brand to buy, because the consumer has been buying frequently in that product category. Uniqueness refers as to be seen and viewed as different from others. Illustrative of consumers efforts to resist or counter the acceptance of popularized goods that symbolically convey conformity, consumers may dispose of goods that become popular and repeat the cycle in search of new and special products, innovations, and emerging fashion trends (Snyder 1992; and Tepper, 1997). Product quality may be defined as the consumers judgment of the excellence of the product or service (Zeithaml, 1988).Quality (perceived not conformity) is a prime factor that plays very dominant role in selection process. Price may defined in its narrowest sense as the amount of money charged for a product or service, and in broad sense it is the sum of all the values that customers give up in order to gain the benefits of having or using a product or service (Kotler and Amstrong, 2008). Packaging can be defined as to design and produce a wrapper or container for a product (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). A persons groups consist of all the groups that have a direct (Face-to-face) or indirect influence on his/her attitudes or behaviors. (Kotler and Keller, 2005). Corporate reputation has been defined by Fombrun (1996) as a perceptual representation of a companys actions in past and prospects of future that are an aggregate of many personal judgments about the company. While Keller (1998) has defined company credibility as the degree to which consumers do believe that a company can deliver products and services that satisfy most their needs and wants. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Choice Decision To choose a brand among from available brands of low involvement product category in a situation where consumer does not know about the brands under consideration seems very critical, because the most theories of consumer behavior support the awareness as a dominant factor in consumer choice. On the other hand it was also assumed that excess of every thing is dangerous, likely it can be guessed that more information may confuse the consumer about the brand to be selected. Jacoby, Speller, and Berning (1974) are of the opinion that Consumers actually make poorer purchase decisions with more information. The research was intended to test the assumption that what may happen when the consumer is completely unknown about he brands under consideration in a low involvement product category. The choice is restricted toward the limited brands in different categories of low involvement products. There is no disagreement on that every one is facing with a choice. If, however, the example is changed slightly, it is more doubtful whether we are still talking about a choice. The person walking on a sidewalk, when confronted with a puddle, changes his direction slightly and continues. In this case few people may say that a choice was involved. Attitude of the consumer plays an important role in making decision making in a given situation. A consumers attitude and purchase intention towards a brand is not only a product of their cognitive evaluations of that individual brand but are also determined by their perception of other competing brands within the consideration set. (Ronnie, Anne, and Karinna, 2006). 2.1.1 Decision making Process [Fig. 2.1] Need Recognition Problem Awareness Purchase Decision Evaluation of Alternatives Information Search Post-Purchase Evaluation Need Recognition The buying process starts when the buyer recognizes a problem or need. Need recognition occurs when actual state differs significantly from desired state. It is triggered when a customer is exposed to either an internal or an external stimulus. Hunger and thirst are internal stimuli, the color of a product, the package design, name of a brand mentioned by a friend, or an ad. are considered external stimuli (William, 2002). It is widely accepted that the traditional problem solving approach involving rational decision making to the study of consumer choice may not be suitable for all situations, or is at least incomplete to understand choice behavior. Limited information search and evaluation of alternatives led to a situation in which consumer choice is also driven by hedonic considerations ( Dhar, and Wertenbroch, 2000). In general, a common distinction to be made is that while the utilitarian goods usually are primary instrumental and functional, hedonic goods provide fun, pleasure and excitement. Consumer Information Search Consumer information search should yield a group of brands, sometime called the buyers evoked set (or consideration set), which are consumers most preferred alternatives (Clow, and Baack, 2001). Evaluation of Alternatives In close relation to information search, evaluation of alternatives has also gained a momentum in recent research (Laroche, Kim, and Zhou, 2003). Their study on consumers use of five heuristics (conjunctive, disjunctive, lexicographic, linear additive, and geometric compensatory) in the consideration set formation found that conjunctive heuristics is the most often used decision model in the consideration set formation for two product classes in the study (here,Sun block brands and pens). Conjunctive heuristics means that a consumer selects a brand only if it meets acceptable standards, the so-called cutoff point on each key attribute consumer regards as important (Assael, 1998). In the non-compensatory method of evaluation, a consumer would eliminate a brand that does not fulfill the standards on one or two of the most important attributes, even it is positive on all other attributes. Brands, which will be selected to group purchase options, will also be considered during the alternative evaluation process (Hawkins, Roger, and Kenneth, 1998). Purchase Decision and Post-purchase evaluation To select a specific brand after evaluation the buying and consuming it may consequently result in delighting, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and disappointment about the selected brand. It is essential to distinguish between the attributes per se and consumers perceptions of these attributes, because consumers differ in their perceptions. It is the perception that affects behavior, not the attribute itself. Attribute is often used to mean choice criteria, but this leads to confusion. A vast amount of research has been and is being conducted on many of them (factors) individually. Testing the product, the advertising, and the package, is an old story. But seldom has an adequate overview been taken. Does the consumer pay more attention to the advertising-beyond a certain point, at least-than to the dealers salesmen? Would lower prices or improved quality be more preferred by the buyer? How important are such factors as the recommendations of experts or of friends and to what extent may the individual marketing firm control them? The most effective direction of marketing activities requires accurate answers to all of these questions. The importance of the factors influencing choice has been recognized for many years by the researchers and marketers, as Brown (1950) identified as, Physical characteristics of the brand, Users experience with the brand, Packaging, Price, Premiums, guarantees, Habit, Recommendation by friends, Recommendation by experts, Convenience of dealers location, Personal salesmanship, Dealer services, Dealer prestige, Advertising and display, Special characteristics of the manufacturer, e.g., labor policy, location, etc., Novelty, Chance, Availability, Brand prestige or social acceptance. The weight of (no redundant) reasons in choice and, correspondingly, the degree to which the choice of reasons drives the choice of options vary across decisions and are likely to depend on the task, the context, the choice problem, and individual differences. In particular, when consumers are explicitly told to explain their decisions, it is reasonable to expect that the reasons that can be used to support considered options play a prominent role in the choice process. A question that naturally arises is what factors determine preferences for reasons and how does a need to provide reasons affect choice? (Itamar, and Nowlis, 2000). Wilson and Schooler (1991) found that subjects who had analyzed their reasons for liking different brands of jams subsequently expressed preferences that corresponded less well to those of experts than the preferences of subjects who did not analyze the reasons for their attitudes. Purchase decision Decision making is very complex phenomena where the consumer does not make a decision simply, and but to arrive at a final and concrete decision the consumer experiences sub-decisions (i.e.; What type of goods should be purchased, chased?, How much of an item should be purchased?, When should the purchase be made?, Where should the purchase be made?, How should the purchase be made, i.e., by telephone or in person, by cash or on credit, by husband or wife, and so on? What brand should be purchased? In many cases, the consumer is not conscious of the fact that he arrives at decisions with respect to all of these sub-decisions to purchase (Brown, 1950). 2.2 Consumer Buying Behavior Consumer Buying Behavior has been defined by Kotler, and Amstrong, (2001), as Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Most large companies research consumer buying decision in great detail to answer questions about what consumers buy, where they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy A simple model of the consumer buying behavior deemed as the stimulus-response model. According to this model, marketing stimuli and other major force enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses. One in the black box these inputs produce observable buyer responses, such as product choice, brand choice, purchasing timing, and purchase amount. The consumer decision-making process does not occur in a vacuum. On the contrary, underlying cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors strongly influence (lam, Hair, and McDaniel, 2002). Cultural Factors Culture represents the behavior, beliefs, and in many cases, the way we act learned by interacting or observing other members of society. In this way much of what we do is shared behavior, passed along from one member of society to other. In order to increase customer satisfaction the managers and marketers are trying to understand the real behavior and attitude of consumers in a given situation. The better the marketer understand the factors underlying consumer behavior, the better able they are to develop affective marketing strategies to meet consumer needs (Assael, 1998). 2.3 Low Involvement Hoyer and Brown (1990), examining the heuristic for low-involvement decision making, and found that consumers who are aware of the name of one of the brands in a product category will repeatedly choose that brand, even when it offers objectively determined lower quality. Consumers who are unfamiliar with the brand names often will experiment with and eventually settle on a brand that offers higher quality. Time pressure commonly influences consumers opportunity to engage in effortful decision strategies. Payne, Bettman, and Johnson (1988) demonstrate that consumers who are faced with making a choice under time pressure (lack of opportunity) will accelerate information processing, ignore certain pieces of information, or shift to simpler heuristics. Perhaps the simplest low-involvement decision heuristic involves the retrieval of previously formed affect associated with the product (Peter and Nord, 1982). 2.4 Uniqueness/ Innovation Uniqueness and Innovation play a significant role in making choice of a brand particularly in unawareness condition, as (Tepper, 1997) view it as Conceptual models of social nonconformity recognize that behaviors that render a person different relative to other people may reflect several motivational processes, Although such a choice may at times differentiate the decision maker from others, this outcome is incidental to acting consistent with personal standards. Consumers need for uniqueness is also distinct from independence, a motivation that may inadvertently manifest in social different-ness as a result of adhering to ones personal taste. Decisions shift the focus from the choice of options to the choice of reasons. Buyers who explain their decisions and have high need for uniqueness tend to select unconventional reasons and are more likely to make unconventional choices (Itamar, and Nowlis, 2000). Itamar, and Nowlis (2000) further support their view that the effect of NFU (Need for Uniqueness) on choice emerges when consumers have the opportunity to explain their decisions and do not expect to be individually evaluated. That is, the ability to explain, without concerns about others criticism, may allow greater use of unconventional arguments and unconventional choices that express uniqueness and independence. Further they argue that the need for uniqueness and autonomy is usually dominated by the desire for social approval and other pre ssures for conformity, when consumers are encouraged to explain their decisions and are not concerned about others criticism, expressions of uniqueness come to the surface and affect choices. Consumers need for uniqueness may fit into a broader theory of consumption as an extension of self (Belk, 1988). This supposition is further supported by the work of Tepper (1997) that Consumers need for uniqueness could be examined as a trait influencing processes whereby situations that elicit consumer counter conformity motivation lead to conflict and acts of conflict resolution. In phenomenological interviews, Thompson and Haytko (1997) found that attempts to stay ahead in the realm of fashion trends by discarding fashions that catch on and seeking emerging innovations are interpreted as acts of resisting conformity. The concept is exemplified in the comments of one of Thompson and Haytkos (1997) interview participants: Usually if something is hot, Ill go out of my way to stay away from it. Even if I like it at first, if everyones wearing it, I dont want to be wearing it. The concept of consumers need for uniqueness derives from Snyder and Fromkins (1977) theory of uniqueness. According to this theory, the need to see oneself as being different from other persons is aroused and competes with other motives in situations that threaten the self-perception of uniqueness (i.e., situations in which individuals see them- selves as highly similar to others in their social environment). A unique product may be sought out to restore a persons self-view as one who is different from others, such as when an anonymous art collector bids via the internet or telephone for a rare painting she wants to display in her bedroom. (Tian, Bearden, and Hunte, 2001) McAlister and Pessemier (1982) suggest that a desire for social distinction via unusual products influences new product adoption and variety-seeking behavior. Where (Fisher Price, 1992). Commenting thatBecause consumer choices, particularly creative choices, may establish ones uniqueness, such choices are likely to attract followers who also seek to develop their special-ness or share a common link with early adopter groups. And Initially unpopular consumer choices may later gain social acceptance and thereby positively distinguish the consumer as an innovator or fashion leader (Heckert, 1989). It should be noted that changing from an initially preferred choice to a new one in order to avoid similarity is a criterion for distinguishing counter conformity from other motivations that incidentally result in being different (Nail, 1986). And even initially unpopular choices can gain widespread acceptance over time (Heckert, 1989). On the contrary Thompson and Haytko (1997) in his research concluded and suggested that this could be the time when innovation is less important than heritage, as brands with history can speak to consumers through nostalgia packaging, graphics and advertising messages. As a result of pursuing different-ness through no confrontational venues such as the purchase of unique products, individuals driven by counter conformity motivation should not perceive themselves to be similar to others with respect to their consumer choices (Kilduff, 1992; Snyder and Fromkin, 1977). This concept is further supported by Snyder and Fromkin, (1977) that specifically, uniqueness theory suggests that individual differences in motivation to seek different-ness arise from early childhood socialization that either emphasizes obedience and following norms or emphasizes creativity and individuality. Further, Thompson and Haytko (1997) have suggested that, for those who construct their personal identity through a contrast between their perceived fashion orientation and that of others in their social setting, personal identity does not reflect a stable set of essential features but is negotiated in a dynamic field of social relations. Bloch (1995) in his research concluded and proposes that individual differences in the need for uniqueness influence consumers product selections through its effect on affective and cognitive responses to the exterior design. This indicates that strategically marketers should place the greater emphasis on unique features may be a reasonable heuristic when subjects must choose between two alternatives (Meyer and Eagle, 1982). 2.5 Quality While making a purchase decision it was observed that the quality of the product was affecting intensively on the consumers ability to make a decision, because the consumer always expecting a good quality product at reasonable price. Since the consumer had no previous experience with the brand under consideration, the quality of the brand was being judged through the brand exposure and outlook. Garvin (1987) proposed that product quality can be captured in eight dimensions: performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability, aesthetics, and perceived quality (i.e., image). Quality assessment is very critical and personal that may be viewed from different dimensions, particularly the product attributes/features and its out look, its color and shape/design etc. Income of the buyer may determine the degree of quality of a product; a particular brand may be viewed as of good quality by the person having low income and low buying power, while a higher income person may see it as inferior. The price of a brand and company and store prestige may be considered as significant cues for quality. It is encouraging to be able to confirm that such stimuli as price information and the reputation of a store or company are used as cues to the quality of a product (Wheatley and Chiu, 1977). 2.6 Price Price and quality remained very interrelated factors those affect collectively on perception of a consumer and response toward the brand. A better understanding of how customers use price information in choosing among alternative brands within frequently bought product categories helps to evaluate it and knowing the intensity as compare to other factors or reasons. Andrews, I. R., and Valenzi (1971) found that when other cues are present, some researchers have found that price remains the dominant cue. It is also consistent with Shapiros (1973), and (Marketing Science Institute, 1972) suggestion that the use of price as an indicator of quality is a reflection of both its concrete, unambiguous nature and the faith that consumers tend to place in at least some price setters such as prestigious retail stores. Notions of the price customers use as a reference in making purchase decisions, such as fair price (Thaler, 1985), aspiration price, and list price (Klein Oglethorpe, 1987). Mostly the price we consider as the expected price should coincide with the fair price Where the perceived fair price may be lower than the expected price. Customer response depends not only on the retail price, but also on how it compares with the reservation price (Scherer, 1980), perceived price (Della Bitta and Monroe, 1974; Emery, 1970; and Monroe, 1973), or evoked price (Rao and Gautschi, 1982; Thaler, 1985; Winer, 1985) view that customers use the price they expect to pay for a brand on a given purchase occasion as a reference in forming price judgments. Nwokoye (1975) found evidence that some customers use end prices-the lowest and highest prices-as anchors in their price evaluations. A significant role of the expected price in customer brand choice was found by Kalwani, Sugita, and Yim (1986) which have modeled a brands expected price as a function of the last price paid, the deal proneness of the customer, and the frequency of sales promotions of the brand, and Gurumurthy and Little (1986) assume a reference price is formed as adaptive expectations of past prices and allow a latitude of acceptance of the reference price within which customers are insensitive to price gains or losses. Price declines in importance and may become insignificant in its impact on quality perception (Jacob, Olson, and Haddock, 1971; Vithala ,1971). This indicates that it is probable, however, that price effects on quality perceptions are product specific (Gardner, 1970). Price expectations of consumers are not a function of past prices only, but these expectations are influenced also by contextual variables. 2.7 Attributes /Packaging Packaging was considered as the leading indicator of quality and a dominant clue in selecting a brand when the consumer is completely unaware about the brands real quality and performance. According to Slovic (1975) decision makers faced with a need to choose between two equally valued alternatives tend to prefer the one that is superior on the more important attribute. In judging alternatives, consumers may combine evaluations on various attributes. The rules for combining evaluations are thus important aspects of the choice process (Bettman, 1979). Consumers make purchases by image and perception of value, packaging, color and other attributes of a product, and packaging is widely considered as the silent salesman, which helps in developing strategies for better marketing results. Packaging is very important instrument in the marketing mix. Packaging has two functions: (i) to protect and contain the product; and (ii) as an interface to sell the product to the consumer. High-quality packaging involves target market research, environment changes in market, society, and the technology. Product features/attributes have also proved as a significant importance in deciding for a brand to purchase. Research suggests that an important determinant of the extent to which a feature is contrasted or assimilated is the degree of feature overlap between the new feature and the brand to which it is added (Herr, 1989). In the present case, it was expected that when a brand with superior features or brand name adds yet another (positive) feature, the new feature is assimilated into the existing perception of superior performance and, thus, is unlikely to significantly affect the over- all evaluation of the product. Reference Gro